This PVBV.com website is our Vaughan Family website, assembled by John C Vaughan III, born 1937. PVBV to many people means Point Value Business Volume, but to us it means Pat Vaughan's Business Venture because The Business was such a large part of John and Pat's family life.
It starts and ends with John & Pat, their 59 years together, and their more than 52 years in business as a winning team. John marches on with a song in his heart.
Let's start with Pat and John in video telling their stories from their unique points of view.
Pat Vaughan's Story and Advice https://vimeo.com/952325384
John Vaughan's Story 2024 https://vimeo.com/946015280
Pat Vaughan pictures - A visual stroll down Memory Lane.
https://vimeo.com/736253456 .
Played on 27 July before funeral mass. Powerful.
Tributes to Pat Vaughan, St Bede Catholic Church, 28 July 2022, Julie Vaughan Milbrand, Richard Vaughan, Monsignor Joe Lehman
https://vimeo.com/736932463 .
John's tribute talk at Denver about Pat and what she would want. Given 8 days after Pat's burial at Arlington National Cemetery in October 2022.
https://vimeo.com/900466329. "Give me a chance"
So I never forget. A pictorial tour through 101 River's Edge, Williamsburg home where Pat & John enjoyed life together and with family and friends. Memoires in every picture. Home placed on the market February 2023. Sold in 10 days.
https://vimeo.com/797519542 .
How it all happened for me. By John Clark Vaughan August 4, 2024.
1971
44 Years later (2015), same 6 plus 10 more.
Pat's parents - Al & Madeline
My Belgian family and my Grandpa Mareydt were from Westkappelle, Belgium.
This picture shows we come from strong stock. We are blessed that our grandparents had the courage to come to America. They did not know the language. They did not know whether they would ever see their family again.They came with hope and belief in a better future. We are blessed! Thank you, Nadine Vianene for sending this picture of your parents, August and Lea Viaene-Cremers who 95 and 92 years old. They are still in their house together.
Pat Vaughan
No Dream is Too Big
No Challenge is Too Great
All of my beautiful family memories
1. Really started in the United States with Pop - John Clark Vaughan, Sr.
Pop's father, George Allen Vaughan, was from Liverpool, England of Welsh ancestry. He married Lettricia (Letty) Clark from New York City of Irish ancestry (Ulster County). Letty had 2 older brothers and 2 older sisters. John Clark was one of her brothers - the "Ice King of the Hudson" - owner of Knickerbocker Ice Company.
They had 6 chidren - oldest was son William Howard Vaughan, then 4 daughters Jane Allen, Letita, Ida, Grace Ella; and youngest son - - Pop (JCV, Sr.)
Here is their picture:
Here is Pop (JCV, SR) and his wife Kathryn (holding my sister Mary), my Dad (JCV, JR), me (JCV3), and my sister Ginny in 1947. I was born on my grandmother Kathryn's birthday, August 17.
Ginny says she was probably thinking "What is with the stripes plaid outfit!!"
John Clark Vaughan, Sr named Clark after the "Ice King of the Hudson", his uncle. As told by John Clark Vaughan, Jr.
2. Then came his only child - - Clark
When Beauty Defeated Tyranny
Dad - - Col. John Clark Vaughan, Jr was Major General Hopkins' assistant during the war. They were responsible for building a total of 108 production plants, that employed over 1 1/2 million persons, to produce engines, propellors, and airframes.
Dad later was deputy director of the Aircraft Production Board before working directly for two Presidents of Curtiss - Wright - - Roy Hurley and then Roland Berner.
3. Clark was fortunate to meet Stacia Gayeski. She had 4 brothers who were all great athletes - - and 3 sisters who were not. Stacia was an athlete to rival her brothers. Further, her high school yearbook said "She will give the devil his due." She created a flow of words and a storm of laughter.
Skeets Gayeski and the Speedgirls
Her induction into the Connecticut Women's Basketball Hall of Fame started with my 21Feb2011 letter to my 4 kids, 7 grand kids, and 2 sisters- - we are the 14 surviving blood relatives of Skeets. Since there also are surviving Gayeski blood relatives from Mary Zacks and Helen Dykas, I also sent the letter to my 2 surviving cousins.
Cousin Ron replied and suggested contacting the CT Women's Basketball Hall of Fame (HOF). He later even gave me the contact for Ann Fariss, the wonderful lady who started the HOF and had just retired. Ron was right, the HOF knew nothing of the Speedgirls' fame, and Skeets was quickly endorsed as the HOF's one and only "Pioneer Player"! On April 24, 2013 eleven of Skeets' relatives attended the annual HOF banquet, met Geno Auriemma and others famous in women's basketball, and received the honor on behalf of Skeets.
The Pioneer Player Award
4. Clark and Skeets celebrated their 50th Wedding Anniversary at Army Navy Country Club in Arlington, VA
5. Then came the 50th Wedding Anniversary of Pat's folks at their Rolling Hills Country Club in Longwood, FL. Al and Madeline were the long term heart of our family. Madeline was everyone's spirited friend and Al gave me a fine reputation to live up to.
6. My 20 year career in the USAF was wonderful. The first 3 years in aircraft flightline maintenance was really the military, something dangerous or unusual everyday - - especially in the Congo.
To access John's Congo Memories from his 1961 experiences click on link below. A shy 23 year old, who has never been anyone's boss and has only been from New Hampshire to Virginia (plus 2 trips to Florida), finds himself in charge of 300 men in Leopoldville, Congo (plus 16 other countries). This is a war, and his is part of the UN peacekeeping troops, but there are no reporters and no CNN (thank goodness).
Congo Memories - March 31 to December 7, 1961
At midpoint in my USAF career an American Airline pilot showed me the plan. It led to the biggest job priority decision of my life - - Laser Weapon or a Friendship Network. I made the right choice for many reasons. On my last day at work I wrote this thank you letter to my sponsor Dave Quick.
Instead of lasers I worked at AF Flight Dynamics Lab in various areas, including Air Cushion Landing (and takeoff) Systems for remotely piloted vehicles. The very end of the film shows one of my patents for thrust deflection. See Jindivik Taxi.
Jindivik Taxi
Then I moved to NASA Langley to do the Cargo Logistics Airlift Systems Study (CLASS) with Douglas Aircraft.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19790005877
After my 20 year Air Force career I spent several years consulting for NASA and for the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), U.S. Congress. The OTA helped keep Congress informed with unbiased studies on new technologies so they could make better informed dicisions.
Congressional staff commonly parachute into high-level, well-paid executive branch positions. The reverse - - executive branch talent coming to work for Congress - - is as rare as unicorns.
This is a disaster for Congress as a coequal branch of government and for the Constitution's separation of powers. House speaker Newt Gingrich, R-Ga., in 1995 seized the lion's share of legislative powers from committees and member offices by shrinking their budgets and enfebbling their intellectual infrastructures.
Gingrich defunded the Office of Technology Assessment, tantamount to a congressional lobotomy. None of Gingrich's Republican and Democratic successors - - Dennis Hastert, Nancy Pelosi, John Boehner, Paul Ryan, Kevin McCarthy, and Mike Johnson - - have undone his dumbing down of Congress.
7. Golf. For 16 consecutive years my favorite 2 days were golf - - with my 3 sons, and sometimes my daughter Julie (who won when we played in San Francisco) or grandson Ian. From 1999 when son John Clark IV proposed and started the annual tournament, to 2014 when we filled the 16 trophy plaques, we created stories and memories. Maybe only golfers would understand.
It all started in Peosta Iowa in May 1999. Here is the first outing of Rich, J3, Mike, and J4.
Our golf venues were: Peosta, IA (1999); Poquoson, VA; Plymouth, MA; Lorton, VA; Peosta, IA; Kingsmill, VA; Plymouth, MA; San Francisco, CA; Duluth, GA (Bear’s Best pic); Galena IL; Kingsmill, VA; Kingsmill, VA again (pic green jacket winner, birdie on #18 breaks tie); Duluth, GA; Kill Devil Hills, NC (pic of the group); Fort Eustis, VA; and Kingsmill, VA (2014). Trophy recognition restarted again in 2021 with venues at Kingsmill; Golden Horseshoe, VA; and The Pointe, NC.
Golf continues Father's Day 2021
8. We lived for 25 years at 190 Cedar Road, Poquoson, VA. 190 Cedar gave us plenty of room to have large gatherings and a lifetime of fun memories. Here is one such gathering where we still had room after parking over 100 cars!
With the kids all grown and married, we sold the home in 2005 to a nice couple who said they would take good care of it. They sold it in November 2021 for $2.35 million.
4 minute video tour at https://vimeo.com/606539967
9. Pat and I celebrated our 50th Wedding Anniversary in 2013 at the same place where we had our reception in 1963. Same Club, but new building, the original one was torn down due to old age --
John & Pat Vaughan celebrated their 50th Wedding Anniversary on September 7, 2013. The party was given by the Vaughan children at Army Navy Country Club Arlington, VA which is where the original reception was held. Family and friends came from far and near to congratulate the Vaughans. It was a a fabulous time. After the party a bunch of us went on a night tour of Washington, DC. The next day we attended mass at Holy Trinity, visited Arlington Cemetery, & the Air Force Memorial. We finished the day by celebrating Graham's 16th birthday. It was an incredible weekend! Thank you all!
10. Those Amazing German Rocket Scientists
There were many top-secret things going on from 1944 thru 1970 involving an elite and semi-secret group of smart German rocket scientists. In 1944 my dad was involved at the very beginning in the first (and as far as I know never openly documented) attempts to extract some of these top people before the Russians got to them. I got to use my top-secret clearance when I worked in the Advanced Plans office at the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Lab (AFRPL) in 1966. It was at the very end of the secret works of those same German scientists from WW II. They personally briefed me on their Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicle (MIRV) designs and discussed their other more advanced (and scary) weapon system proposals. I was the only AFRPL person assigned to monitor their work.
Dad was born July 3, 1907 in New York City. When he graduated from NYU in aeronautical engineering in 1929 he was blessed in being one of the first U. S. Army officers who was also an aeronautical engineer. He was also cursed to be looking for a job when the Stock Market crashed in October 1929 to start The Great Depression. Dad’s ROTC instructor at NYU was Army Major Hopkins. Dad was Hopkins’ favorite student.
The Depression prevented Dad from working as an aeronautical engineer. At the start of World War II he was on active duty as the military commander of a CCC camp building logging roads near the New Hampshire, Vermont, and Canadian border. He then got a call which changed his life. Now Major General Hopkins had just been put in charge of building up all our aircraft production plants. He found Dad after 10 years of no contact and asked him to be his assistant. General Hopkins’ office oversaw the U.S. aircraft production as our factories went from producing 143 aircraft/month in January 1939 to over 4,000/month in January 1944.
But Dad, like Lt. Paul Cooper and other officers in General Hopkins Washington DC based Aircraft Production Office, wanted to get closer to the actual combat of the war. Finally Cooper got to fly, and then near the end of 1944 General Hopkins said Dad could go - - on a very special and dangerous assignment.
The Germans dominated the world in the new field of rockets but they neglected to properly focus and support these scientists until near the end because they couldn’t trust that they supported Hitler’s beliefs. But near the end of WWII, when things were not going well for Hitler, the Germans gathered 4,000 rocketeers together near Peenemunde, in North East Coastal Germany. The Germans, Russians, and the U.S. all began to recognize the importance of these scientists for the development of future weapons.
The official and well-known effort to bring these scientists to the U.S. was Operation Paperclip, officially started May 8, 1945. President Truman gave the official order August 1945 and it finally brought people like the famous rocket scientist Wernher Von Braun to the U. S. to work at NASA. But the thinking that led up to Paperclip began a year earlier.
Dad was chosen by Hopkins to lead the scientist extraction portion of a high risk paratrooper jump into Peenemunde in late 1944. The operation never happened and the plans were never revealed. The U.S. paratrooper unit that Dad was to go in with was wiped out at Arnhem September 17-26, 1944 where 8,000 of our 10,000 paratroopers were lost in a tragic, poorly planned operation. After Arnhem, their next mission was to be the one Dad was assigned to. Dad still got to go to Germany, in a Jeep. He was lucky again as he missed the Battle of the Bulge by days. Reference my family story on Battle of the Bulge.
Nevertheless, finally by late 1945 three groups of rocket scientists made it to the U.S. and were assigned to White Sands Proving Grounds, N.M. The Russians got many more of these rocket scientists.
Fast forward 20 plus years after World War II and I got to use my Top Secret clearance and meet these very same scientists. They were aging (I was only 29 years old), and yet they had the most brilliant minds I have ever worked with. Their ideas were amazing and threatening, I was glad they were on our side. Their operation was not openly known. I got to travel to where they worked at Cloudcroft, New Mexico. They didn’t travel much from New Mexico. They called themselves Office of Research Analysis, ORA.
Our ballistic missiles were lacking after World War II compared to the Russians, who had captured or persuaded many more of these brilliant German rocket-scientists to work for them. The Russians therefore had the first satellite (Sputnik, 1957) and the first astronaut (Yuri Gagarin, April 1961), and worst of all - - the first Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), deployed in 1958. Even after we deployed our first ICBM and built their silos, we had one noticeable problem, the Russians had a big advantage in ICBM throw weight. Their missiles were bigger, more powerful, and therefore could carry bigger payloads.
We tried many things to catch up. I spent one year in the Solid Rocket preliminary design group at AFRPL working on a SABOT launch, where we could put a big gasket seal around our Minuteman missiles and get them moving up in the silo with a gas generator before firing the first stage rocket motor. This would allow a heavier payload. Our German scientists solved the throw weight problem for us with MIRV. Our payloads could be greatly enhanced with a payload MIRV bus with its own post-boost propulsion. Instead of one reentry vehicle (RV), each of our Minuteman missiles could have 3 RVs plus decoys, etc. Our Peacekeeper missile, decommissioned in 2005, could carry up to 10 RVs. The bus moved around in outer space to drop off its RV passengers on their own trajectories.
The U.S. finally moved ahead of Russia in this deadly space race when we deployed the first MIRVs in 1970 on our Minuteman missiles. We first tested the MIRVs in 1968. We pulled ahead of Russia thanks to our German scientists’ designs.
Our ICBM MIRVs are all gone now, as of June 27, 2014, when we removed the last MIRV from our Minuteman III ICBMs. These missiles now carry just one warhead, as they originally did. This move fulfilled a promise of the Obama Administration in its 2010 Nuclear Posture Review. This is supposed to enhance the stability of the nuclear balance by reducing the incentives for either side to strike first and wipe out the other countries ICBMs. This is also a step to comply with the new START treaty where U.S. and Russia reduce their nuclear warheads.
This sounds good and hopeful. Those amazing German rocket scientists are now all gone. Dangerous thinking still exists however, as it always has. ICBMs are deployed by not only the U.S. and Russia, but also by China, France (submarine launched only), India, and Israel. Soon Pakistan and North Korea. Who is next - - Iran??
I was briefed by the Germans at Cloudcroft about their new weapon system designs. We were lucky during WWII that Germany was too rigid in their thinking to fully use their engineers and scientists who were a step ahead of everyone in jet propulsion, rockets, and other weapon system ideas. We were lucky again to have some of them on our side from 1945 to 1970 to help counter the Russian ICBM threat.
Future threats will certainly come our way. Probably not from German scientists. Evil continues. Threats will emerge. Will we be surprised or be prepared, as we started to do in 1944? Will we also continue to be lucky?
As we entered World War I and again in World War II, we said a lot of prayers. People have always done that before going into battle. We have probably always thought that God would be on our side. That’s a good feeling.
If there is no God, it doesn’t matter as much if we pray for Him to protect our country in battle. If there is a God, then hopefully He will look kindly upon our country and bless it again as He has before. I understand that prayer is designed to draw us close to God; it is not designed to move God to our will. But still we pray.
Our Supreme Court made its most recognized decision on January 22, 1973 in Roe vs. Wade that a woman had a right to have an abortion under the right of“privacy” of the 1868 Fourteenth amendment to the Constitution. This decision was made long before we had National Geographic Society DVDs showing that a baby in the womb squirms about, waves its arms, sucks its thumb, smiles broadly and even yawns, and feels pain.Instead, the innocent human being inside the mother’s womb was successfully argued to be tissue, part of the woman’s body, and not a human life.
This infamous Supreme Court decision overturned state laws that the majority of the States had in various forms since even before 1868 that banned abortions except to save the life of the mother. Since this 1973 decision there have been over 60 million abortions in the U.S. If there is a God, will He now look favorably on our nation’s prayers? Do we still hold a high moral ground among nations? Sadly, I don’t believe we do.
Adolph Hitler convinced himself and his subjects that Jews and homosexuals were other than human beings. This is self-deceit in a most extreme form. It is high time to stop pretending that we do not know what this previously civilized society of ours is allowing – and approving – with the killing each year of a million innocent human beings within their mothers.
Just look at the picture below. The picture is an untouched photograph of a being that has been within its mother for 20 weeks. Please do me the favor of looking at it carefully…
* Have you any doubt that it is a human being?
* If you do not have any such doubt, have you any doubt that it is an innocent human being?
Aristotle, Aquinas, or even the most brilliant embryologists of our era or any other era have never been able to indicate with scientific proof the point in the development of the being before which it was other than an innocent human being and, therefore, available to be legitimately killed.
In Memory of the Unborn
O Mary, may God's holy angels lead them into their heavenly home.
Click on the link to the song I Was Gonna Be by 18 year-old Rachel Holt. It made me cry.
Destroying Black Babies and Families with Federal Dollars
Star Parker / June 02, 2021
If there is one reason why problems associated with race in America persist, it is because we pretend to address problems caused by one sin by exchanging them with other sins.
President Joe Biden has just issued a proclamation recognizing 100 years since the race massacre that occurred in the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1921.
Greenwood was a wealthy black neighborhood, a center of black business known as Black Wall Street, that was ravaged in two days of rioting by white racists. It resulted in the death of hundreds and the loss of property of thousands.
It is indeed another tragic and painful memory of race relations in our nation’s history.
The proclamation issued by Biden states, “The federal government must reckon with and acknowledge the role that it has played in stripping wealth and opportunity from black communities.”
I totally agree. What offends me is that Biden’s administration enthusiastically continues federal policies that damage black communities, while it pretends it is addressing the problems.
As a starter, let us consider that at the same time the president issued this proclamation, he sent an unprecedented $6 trillion federal budget to Congress that, for the first time ever, omits the longstanding Hyde Amendment.
The Hyde Amendment, passed in 1976 and named for its sponsor, Illinois Rep. Henry Hyde, prohibits use of federal funds to pay for abortion, except in cases of rape or incest or when the mother’s life is in danger.
Every federal budget since the Hyde Amendment was passed has included a rider with this provision—except this year’s, thanks to Biden and his party.
So, while Biden issued one proclamation recalling the tragedy of a massacre of black Americans, he now wants new federal policy that would use federal funds to subsidize another massacre.
Abortion policy in our nation amounts to nothing short of a massacre of and tragedy for black Americans, born and unborn.
According to National Right to Life, 62.5 million unborn children have been destroyed in the womb since Roe v. Wade legalized abortion on demand in 1973.
Per the most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about one-third of all abortions are done on black babies. Given this, we can estimate that since 1973, some 21 million black babies have been destroyed in the womb.
Despite the words in the president’s new proclamation indicting the federal government in causing damage in black communities, this is exactly what he wants now: to bring the federal government in to fund the abortion massacre.
But the damage done by abortion to black Americans goes beyond this massacre of unborn black children. It has tangible, damaging effects on the well-being of the black family.
Why, after all these years, do poverty rates persist so much higher, on average, in black communities compared with national averages?
Data shows a compelling correlation between family structure and incidence of poverty.
Per the Census Bureau’s “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019” report and per Statista, the incidence of living under poverty is more than four times higher for black families headed by a single woman than for black families headed by a married couple. And 41% of black families are headed by a single woman.
Per data from Pew Research Center, in 1970, three years before the Roe v. Wade decision, around 10% of black adults over 25 had never been married. By 2012, this had more than tripled, to 36%.
Abortion undermines the values of the traditional family. And traditional family values provide the off-ramp from the cycle of poverty.
The persistence of problems in black communities stems from federal policies that pretend to fight the sin of racism with the sins of the destruction of life and family.
________________________________________________________________
It is not hyperbolic to say that abortion is not only the defining moral issue of our time, but it is the defining moral issue of all of time. Of course, there are many injustices and brutal assaults on the dignity of the human person; I am not claiming my genocide can beat up your genocide. But I am saying that the violence of the act, the helplessness of the victim, the corruption of the fundamental relationship of parent and child, the global support of the powerful, and the scale of lives claimed - - 56 million every year - - put us in dramatically unchartered waters.
Reference: To the Heart of the Matter by Shawn D. Carney, 2020. Cappella Books.
________________________________________________________________
Science Affirms Policy that Protects Human Life
Daily Signal, September 3, 2021
Science demonstrates that human life begins at conception, and knowledge of prenatal development affirms the humanity of unborn children. Heartbeats can be detected by roughly six weeks. A baby can move in the womb around eight weeks.
The following week, all basic physiological features are present. At 10 weeks, a baby begins to form hair and fingernails. A baby may hiccup at 11 weeks. At 12 weeks, a baby can sense stimulation from outside the womb, and has the capacity to feel pain.
From the moment of conception, every person possesses inherent dignity and worth. Our humanity doesn’t depend on our age, our stage of development, or our abilities.
Catholic Voting and Mortal Sin: Your vote can endanger your salvation*.
“I take the position that it is clearly a sin to vote for a politician who has a clear record of supporting abortion – the killing of unborn children”. JCV3 October 12, 2024
Pope John Paul II in "Evangelium Vitae" states "I declare that direct abortion, that is, abortion willed as an end or as a means, always constitutes a grave moral disorder, since it is the deliberate killing of an innocent human being. ... No circumstance, no purpose, no law whatsoever can ever make licit an act which is intrinsically illicit, since it is contrary to the law of God which is written in every human heart, knowable by reason itself and proclaimed by the Church" (EV 62C).
"The 1917 Code of Canon Law punished abortion with excommunication. " The excommunication affects all those who commit this crime with knowledge of the penalty attached and thus includes those accomplices without whose help the crime would not have been committed" (Canon 1329).
The argument can be made that voting is a very remote form of cooperation in abortion. But is it all that remote? The legislator who votes for abortion is clearly a formal accomplice, giving formal cooperation with abortion. S/he shares both in the intention of the act, and in supplying material support for the act. If I vote for such a candidate, knowing full well that he will help make available public monies for abortion, or continue its decriminalization, then I am aiding him/her.
Father Matthew Habinger, HLI closes with:
"That is what Catholics are called to: to be unconditionally pro-life. There is no ambiguity in the words of Peter's successor (JPII). To be Catholic is to be unconditionally pro-life. To support abortion, to advocate the right to choose an abortion can in no way be considered a catholic option. ..."
Unfortunately, almost all the organizations that claim to be “pro-life” allow many “CONDITIONS” and thus are, in reality, less than ½ “pro-life”! Please recognize the typical CONDITIONS/EXCEPTIONS that are included in the common anti-abortion strategies that willingly sacrifice the youngest babies to protect their older brothers and sisters dependent on: age1, father2, health3, heartbeat4, mother5 or method6!
This allowing “conditions for abortion support” is doing evil to achieve some good (protecting some babies), but violates the most basic ethics principle and can not be supported by the Creator God, or any Christian!
Less than 15 weeks, or some other arbitrary age that denies the single cell origin of every human beginning.
2 Rapist, brother, uncle, dad.
3 Handicapped, defect, health issue.
4 Obviously alive by size and movement, but not yet a detectable heartbeat.
5 Inconvenient, failed birth control, lacking father or parent support.
6 Dismemberment, medical care denied if born alive.
* Book by John Gerard Lewis, available on Amazon, 2nd Edition.
Background info for John Clark Vaughan, 111
Submitted 6Oct24 to Charles Crone for Capital Club, Williamsburg, VA
Graduated 1959 Virginia Tech, B.S. Mechanical Engineering.
20-year USAF career with assignments to:
After USAF spent several years consulting for NASA and for Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), U.S. Congress.
Until my wife developed cancer and passed 2 years ago, I helped her build an international business in 8 countries.
Presently enjoy my large family, golf, friends, and my second home on the ocean in Kill Devil Hills, NC
Gloria Patri – my favorite prayer.
It is a short prayer: Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.
It is a very old Christian prayer. It’s acceptance traces back to the year 325, when the Roman Emperor Constantine 1 convened the Council of Nicaea in the city that is now Iznik, Turkey.
Constantine lived from 272 to 337 and ruled the Roman Empire from 306 to 337. He believed he was victorious in 312 when he had a vision that led him to have his soldiers paint their shields before battle with chi-rho, the first two letters of Christ in Greek.
In year 330, Constantine founded the city of Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) and made it the new capital of the Roman Empire – where it prevailed for more than 1,000 years. He was the first roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
When I say the prayer every morning I reflect on the Trinity and then on the three periods of time:
How many stars are there? Astronomers believe that the world has around two trillion galaxies like our Milky Way galaxy, and our own Milky Way has 100 billion to 400 billion stars! So, total number of stars in our observable universe is roughly estimated to be 1 sextillion stars (that’s 1 followed by 21 zeroes). How many grains of sand make up our earth’s beaches and deserts? Easier to calculate than the number of stars: around 7.5 quintillion grains (7.5 followed by only 18 zeroes). So, if you can pick up just one grain of sand, realize that there are about a thousand stars for every grain of sand on earth.
Feel small? Better to simply realize that you are surrounded by a world of unimaginable vastness.
With this in mind, it seems fitting that I say my daily prayers
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